Background:
This is the first case that the Supreme Court ever decided. The Judiciary Act of 1789 set the number of Supreme Court justices at 6. The first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was John Jay. The associate members of the court were John Rutledge, William Cushing, John Blair, James Wilson, and James Iredell.
The oral arguments in the case were heard on August 2, 1791 and the opinion was issued August 3, 1791.
William West owed a debt and he asked the state if he could run a lottery to raise the funds to pay off the debt. Rhode Island agreed and West secured the necessary funding. A portion of the money he raised was in paper currency. Barnes argued that the payment needed to be made in gold or silver. The case was decided on a procedural issue at the Supreme Court.
Opinion:
“On the first day of the term, Bradford presented to the court, a writ, purporting to be a writ of error, issued out of the office of the clerk of the circuit court for Rhode Island district, directed to that court, and commanding a return of the judgment and proceedings rendered by them in this cause: And thereupon he moved for a rule, that the defendant rejoin to the errors assigned in this cause.
“Barnes, one of the defendants, ( a counsellor of the court) objected to the validity of the writ, that it had issued out of the wrong office: and, after argument,
“The Court were unanimously of opinion, That writs of error to remove causes to this court from inferior courts, can regularly issue only from the clerk’s office of this court.
“Motion refused.”
William Wilberforce has been called an agitator for his commitment to ending the slave trade. One of his well known speeches on the subject was given on May 12, 1789.
Cardinal Richelieu has been hailed as a great statesman and as a subversive authoritarian. Depending on who you talk to he was a man needed to strengthen the monarchy in France, or he was a tyrant seeking personal power. Next week I will have a book review that may shed more light on Cardinal Richelieu.
When Lenin was working on his major writing projects he would often pace across the room formulating the ideas that he would write down by saying them out loud. Once he had the idea for what he wanted to write he would often repeat the idea to Nadezhda Krupskaya, who would provide feedback. Once this process was complete he would then write the ideas down.
Here is an AI rendering of what that might have looked like when he was drafting What is to be Done.
This month this community will focus on political subversion. What is subversion? When is it justified? What is the interplay between subversion and agitation? These are some of the topics to be discussed this month.
“You get used to the despot’s shortcomings, when they are not great vices, and the change of an autocratic ruler leads to involuntary fear.”
Sergei Trubetskoi
